Adulteration of crude palm oil with red dye from the leaf. Robert kiyosaki 2019 the speech that broke the internet keep them poor. Adulteration of crude drug free download as powerpoint presentation. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and lead productive lives. Usually in crude drugs, this practice includes substitution of the original crude drugs partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties. The adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs is the burning problem in herbal industry and it has caused a major effect in the commercial. Adulteration, therefore, may be referred to as a fraudulent activity or malpractice and is akin to cheating, whereas, substitution is not so. Pest management and natural pest control agents, plant hormones and their applications, polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. Adulteration in market samples is one of the greatest drawbacks in promotion of herbal products. In 1981, more than 600 people died because of adulterated olive oil that contained rapeseed oil and aniline, causing a huge scandal. Adulteration of drugs with poisonous substances during production or.
Jan 02, 2016 importance of evaluation of crude drugs. Select proper source of crude drugs either wild or cultivated collect the crude drugs at appropriate time collect the required parts of the plants preparation of collected drugs by proper cleaning and drying properly preserve the crude drugs in order to avoid. Crude heparin comes in various grades depends on stage of purification form transported resinpowderliquid sophistication of crude operations whether brokersmiddlemen consolidate. Medicinal plants and their products are extensively used within indigenous. Measurement of length and width of phloem fibres in powdered crude drugs. Is the term substitution relevant to pharmacognosy and or vegetable. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic an d chemical properties or addition of low grade or spo iled drugs or entirely different dr ug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits. Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs. Adulterants are usually substandard varieties of a crude drug or. Since the pharmacological activity and therapeutic activity of crude drugs are based on the nature of their chemical constituents, it would be appear that chemical classification of crude drugs is the preferred method of study.
Is the term substitution relevant to pharmacognosy and or. Adulteration of crude drug and evaluation methods slideshare. Jan 22, 2014 contents of the powerpoint on adulteration and misbranding of drugs include. Drugs, brains, and behavior the science of addiction.
Parameters are established for the prevention of adulteration in medicinal. The ash content of a crude drug is generally taken to be the residue remaining after incineration. As evident from the discussion on the occurrence and type of adulteration in crude drugs, qualities of drugs offered for sale in the market cannot always be guaranteed. Mitigating the impact of admixtures in thai herbal products frontiers. Identity can be achieved by macro and microscopical examinations. Crude drug definition of crude drug by merriamwebster. In addition to the most common chemical adulterants listed in l table 1, the following adulterants. Pdf pharmacognosy different systems of classification of. Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration. Adulterants are usually substandard varieties of a crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared commodities.
Value if two drugs are equally effective, the less costly drug will be preferred how do i find a drug in the drug list. Substitution and adulteration are now become a very common practice, which makes global crude drug market. Protecting consumers from adulterated drugs comments of allan coukell director, pew prescription project, the pew charitable trusts may 1, 2009 thank you for the opportunity to present comments and to participate today in this important discussion. Small quantity of crude drugs could be readily stored in air tight, moisture proof and light proof container such as tin, cans, covered metal tins or amber glass containers.
Determination of biochemical variation in the drugs identification of deterioration due treatment and storage repoting substitution and adulteration, as result of carelessness, ignorance and fraud drug evaluation may be defined as the determination of identity, purity and quality of a. You can search for a drug by using the search tool, alphabetical index or by categorical list. Food and drug administration fda estimates that 40 percent of the finished drugs used by u. Adulteration of crude drugs pharmacognosy petroleum scribd. Introduction ayurveda can be seen as one of the most visible faces of alternative medicines practiced throughout india. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. Standardization of crude drugs is a code of conduct and an essential need of a time. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. The crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical nature of their most important constituent. Crude drugs are unrefined medications in their raw or natural forms. Definitions adulterated and misbranded food adulterated and misbranded drugs and devices adulterated and misbranded cosmetics product tampering current good manufacturing practices methods for the determination of adulteration of foods. Adulteration with faulty collectionthe optimum bioactive molecules are present in a crude drug at a particular season, time, and age of plant and if the plants are not collected at that specific period, the quality and quantity of the drug may be reduced and when this drugs are mixed with standard drugs they cause adulteration. Adulteration is done when there is scarcity of crude drugs or cost of the drug is high even though there is no scarcity the drug is either partially or completely substituted the adulterant used must be having same morphological characters as that of genuine drug in case of powdered drugs colour, texture and density taken into.
As the term indicates these are organs of plants or animals and are. Difference between organized and unorganized crude drugs. Evaluation of crude drugs authorstream presentation. Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india 19992004, illustrated manual of herbal. The evaluation of a crude drug is necessary because of these main reasons i biochemical variation in the drugs ii. The term adulteration of an article covers a number of conditions which may be intentional or accidental 2, 3. The adverse consequences of consuming adulterated drugs are invariably.
Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, research shows that the earlier a person begins to use drugs, the more likely he or she is to develop serious problems. Bachelor of pharmacy hons syllabus in details general education 18 credits mat 101 fundamentals of mathematics 3 credits basic techniques of algebra, analytical geometry, graphing, and trigonometry. Pharmacy pharm d, b pharm,mpharm, d pharm lecture notes links collected from the website of. Application of quality control principles to herbal drugs. The illegal addition of synthetic substances to products marketed as dietary supplements constitutes a significant threat to. No doubt, substitution is helpful in places where unavailability of. Introduction the term adulteration or debasement of an article covers a number of conditions, which may be deliberate or accidental.
Labs, guntur, andhra pradesh, india food is adulterated to increase the quantity and make more profit. Pdf the adulteration and substitution of crude drug is a burning problem. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications fo. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug. Difference between organized and unorganized crude drugs factors affecting cultivation. Herbal drugs are unprocessed part of plant or whole plant. Such crude drugs are standardised on the basis of their volatile oil contents. Ash simply represents the inorganic salts naturally occuring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration. Definition 12 adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. An overview om prakash 1, jyoti 2, amit kumar 3, pavan kumar 4, niranjan kumar manna 5 1. Herbs include crude plant material such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other plant parts, which may be entire, fragmented or powdered. Deterioration and adulterations authorstream presentation. Study on the microscopic identification of the adulterated. Therefore, demands of herbal drugs are increasing daybyday1, 2.
When the estimation of potency of crude drug or its preparations are done by means of measuring its effect on living organisms like bacteria, fungal growth, or animal tissue, it is known as. Defination adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. The correct identity of the crude herbal material, or the botanical quality, is of prime importance in establishing the quality control of herbal drugs. The evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three reason. Adulterating the crude drugs by any of the said conditions is considered undesirable in the crude drug industry. The term adulteration of an article covers a number of conditions which may be intentional or accidental. Pharmacy 1st semester advanced pharmacognosy practicals 1. Presentation subjects includes pharma analysis, pharma chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, regulatory affairs, pharma practice, pharmacognosy, bio technology. Crude drug definition is a plant or animal drug occurring in either the fresh or dried condition and either whole or reduced in particle size by cutting or grinding. Those preparations made from the entire organ of the plant, where it contains a specific plant tissue, and used for treatment are referred to as organized crude drugs, e.
Evaluation of crude drug its the determination of amount of active constituent present in the crude drug from the tissue element and cell contents the different types of crude drugs can be identified and purity of crude drug is determined, this is called qualitative microscopical examination 3 physical method. This new general chapter provides tools for detection of dietary supplement adulteration with extraneously added synthetic compounds. Adulteration of crude drugs free download as powerpoint presentation. Drug supply why is the heparin case study important. Deterioration of herbal drugs besides being adulterated by different means as discussed earlier, the crude drugs are prone to deterioration on storage.
To maintain quality of the crude drugs, it is necessary to. The adulteration and substitution of crude drug is a burning problem. This article throws a light on adulteration, types, common market adulterants and its further analysis. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled or spurious drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement. Weighed quantity of the drug is boiled with water in a round bottomed flask fitted with clevenger apparatus. Measurement of diameter of starch grains in powdered crude drugs.
The following factors are influencing of cultivation. In 2005, two pharmacies in ontario were charged with knowingly selling counterfeit drugs. Reports on intentional adulteration of herbal medicines and dietary supplements with synthetic drugs were collected and are shown in l table 1. A crude drug is regarded as spoiled, when its quality or usefulness is so impaired or destroyed by the action of fungi, bacteria, insects and rodents as to render it unfit for human consumption. Page 127 adulteration and substitution in indian medicinal plants. The food is sucked of its nutrients and the place where the food is grown is often contaminated. Monthly summary of articles on food fraud and adulteration. Adulteration of crude palm oil with red dye from the leaf sheath of sorghum bicolor otu okogeri department of food science and technology, ebonyi state university, pmb 053, abakaliki, nigeria. During the period from april, 2007 to march, 2012, a total of 2763 crude drug samples were received, out of them 329 11. The shelflife of crude drugs are influenced by many factors which include not only the quality of storage conditions but also the stability of the secondary 2 metabolites present therein. Adulteration of crude drugs pharmacognosy petroleum. Pharmacognosy different systems of classification of crude drugs. Dev 101 bangladesh studies 3 credits socioeconomic profile of bangladesh, agriculture, industry, service sector, demographic patterns, social aid. The adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs is the major problem causing treat to the herbal drug industry andto the research on commercial natural products.
Wooden boxes and paper bags should not be used for storage of crude drugs. There are three ways to find out if your drug is covered. A high ash value is an indication of contamination, substitution, adulteration in the crude drug. Adulteration and dilution checks people usually do one of three things when trying to beat a test. Plant crude drugs may be organized or unorganized, and thus may be classified based on morphology. Dry sunny weather increases the proportion of glycosides in digitalis. Pharmacists should also be proactive in their efforts to educate patients about counterfeit drugs.
Drug adulteration the adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs is the burning problem in herbal industry and it has caused a major effect in the commercial use of natural products. The official records revealed that about 110 types of adulterated crude drugs were received frequently for identification. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate all commercial varieties of crude drugs before or after being purchased. Factors influencing the cultivation of medicinal plants. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled drugs or entirely. Plant origin, seasoning, adulteration, microscopic identification introduction seasonings have the functions of enhancing the quality of dishes, stimulating peoples appetite and improving the physique of human beings. Besides confirmation of identity and determination of quality and purity the term drug evaluation also covers detection and determination of the type of adulteration present. All such drugs, when offered for sale or consumption, are legally considered as adulterated. The residue remaining after incineration of a known quantity of the air dried crude drug, is known as the ash content of the drug. Hence, correct identification of crude drugs is an essential need. They add a substance to their urine sample after voiding external adulteration, they ingest something reputed to disguise the drugs in their system internal adulteration, or they substitute someone else. Prior to the 1950s, every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class. It influences photosynthesis, opening and closing of stomata, plant movements, seed germination, flowering and vegetative growth like tuber formation.
The adulteration of heparin, a widely used blood thinner, is a tragic example of the risks resulting from an increasingly globalized and complex pharmaceutical manufacturing system. Adulteration with other materials standard crude drugs are. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature raising, harvesting and selling crude drugs was how many large pharmaceutical companies started out. Adulteration, deforestation, adulterants, crude drugs. Light is the only external source of energy for the continuation of life of the plant. Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, types of soils and fertilizers of common use. Even now, however, some authorities continue to rely on little more than their senses to detect olive oil adulteration. Biological evaluation of drug quality control of crude. An adulterant is a substance found within other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuel or other chemicals that compromises the safety or effectiveness of said substance it will not normally be present in any specification or declared contents of the substance, and may not be legally allowed. The crude drugs can be identified on the basis of their morphological, histological, chemical, physical, and biological studies. I am a pharmacist and director of the pew prescription project an. Confirmation of identity and determination of quality and purity of crude drugs is called as evaluation of crude drugs. Efficiency of several drugs is due to their odorous principle volatile oils. Adulteration is as practice of substituting original crude drug partially or wholly with other similar looking substances, but the later is either free from or inferior in chemical or therapeutic properties.